dialéctica.
(Del lat. dialectĭca, y este del gr. διαλεκτική).
1. f. Arte de dialogar, argumentar y discutir.
2. f. Método de razonamiento desarrollado a partir de principios.
3. f. Capacidad de afrontar una oposición.
4. f. En un enfrentamiento, apelación a algún tipo de violencia. La dialéctica de las armas.
5. f. Relación entre opuestos. La dialéctica de vencedores y vencidos.
6. f. Fil. En la doctrina platónica, proceso intelectual que permite llegar, a través del significado de las palabras, a las realidades trascendentales o ideas del mundo inteligible.
7. f. Fil. En la tradición hegeliana, proceso de transformación en el que dos opuestos, tesis y antítesis, se resuelven en una forma superior o síntesis.
8. f. Fil. Serie ordenada de verdades o teoremas que se desarrolla en la ciencia o en la sucesión y encadenamiento de los hechos.
dialéctico, ca.
(Del lat. dialectĭcus, y este del gr. διαλεκτικός).
1. adj. Perteneciente o relativo a la dialéctica.
2. m. y f. Persona que profesa la dialéctica.
materialismo dialéctico
materialismo.
(De material e -ismo).
1. m. Doctrina según la cual la única realidad es la materia.
2. m. Tendencia a dar importancia primordial a los intereses materiales.
~ dialéctico, o ~ histórico.
1. m. Versión marxista de la dialéctica idealista hegeliana, interpretada como económica y basada en la relación de producción y trabajo.
Real Academia Española ©
viernes, 29 de febrero de 2008
Ergotista. Silogístico
ergotista.
1. adj. Que ergotiza. Apl. a pers., u. t. c. s.
Real Academia Española ©
ergotizar.
(De ergo).
1. intr. Abusar del sistema de argumentación silogística.
silogístico, ca.
(Del lat. syllogistĭcus, y este del gr. συλλογιστικός).
1. adj. Fil. Perteneciente o relativo al silogismo.
silogismo.
(Del lat. syllogĭsmus, y este del gr. συλλογισμός).
1. m. Fil. Argumento que consta de tres proposiciones, la última de las cuales se deduce necesariamente de las otras dos.
1. adj. Que ergotiza. Apl. a pers., u. t. c. s.
Real Academia Española ©
ergotizar.
(De ergo).
1. intr. Abusar del sistema de argumentación silogística.
silogístico, ca.
(Del lat. syllogistĭcus, y este del gr. συλλογιστικός).
1. adj. Fil. Perteneciente o relativo al silogismo.
silogismo.
(Del lat. syllogĭsmus, y este del gr. συλλογισμός).
1. m. Fil. Argumento que consta de tres proposiciones, la última de las cuales se deduce necesariamente de las otras dos.
Ciencia Infusa. Los dones de Harry Potter, el auror lego
"Me pregunto si Harry llegaría a ser el primer auror que no adquirió el dominio de los hechizos no verbales, entre otras muchas cosas. Quizás lo estudió en alguna academia mágica xD, o aprendió a utilizarlos por el uso o la costumbre, o por ciencia infusa."
infuso, sa
1. p. p. irreg. de infundir,que se utiliza solo como calificativo de las gracias o dones que Dios infunde en el alma: ciencia infusa.
miércoles, 27 de febrero de 2008
Ethos
Ethos es una palabra griega (ἦθος; plurales: ethe, ethea) que puede ser traducida de diferentes maneras. Algunas posibilidades son 'punto de partida', 'aparecer', 'inclinación' y a partir de ahí, 'personalidad'.
De la misma raíz griega, la palabra ethikos (ἠθικός), que significa 'teoría de la vida', y de la que derivó la palabra española ética.
En el arte, el Ethos es el estatismo emocional, entendido como contrario del Pathos, el dinamismo emocional. El Ethos forma parte del cánon griego desde la época arcaica a la pre helenistica, siendo su mayor expresión la época clásica.
El ethos es también uno de los los tres modos de persuasión en la retórica (junto con el pathos y el logos), según la filosofía de Aristóteles.
"Ethos", que significa inicialmente "morada o lugar donde habitan los hombres y los animales"; pareciera que fue el poeta Homero el primero en dar esta primera acepción. Posteriormente Aristóteles se encarga de otorgar un segundo sentido a este ethos, entendiéndolo como "Hábito, carácter a modo de ser" que va incorporando en el hombre a lo largo de su existencia.
El ethos al entenderse como un hábito, como un modo de ser, constituye para la tradición griega una segunda naturaleza. Se trata de una creación genuina y necesaria del hombre, pues éste desde el momento en que se organiza en sociedad, siente la necesidad imperiosa de crear reglas para regular su comportamiento y permitir modelar así su carácter.
El contenido de esta página es un esbozo sobre filosofía. Ampliándolo ayudarás a mejorar Wikipedia.
Puedes ayudarte con las wikipedias en otras lenguas.
Obtenido de "http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethos"
ía
martes, 26 de febrero de 2008
How to Train a Husband - Nesweek.com
How to Train a Husband
Want an obedient spouse? A new book says you should coach them like animals.
By Jennie Yabroff | NEWSWEEK
Feb 18, 2008 Issue | Updated: 1:32 p.m. ET Feb 9, 2008
Related:
* Amy Sutherland
* The New York Times Company
* British Broadcasting Corporation
Attention, frustrated wives: if you want your husband to start listening to you and stop leaving his socks on the floor, all you need is a little patience and a lot of mackerel. Such is the putative relationship advice of Amy Sutherland, a journalist who spent a year at an animal-trainer school and decided to apply the trainers' techniques to her husband's annoying habits. According to Sutherland, the key to marital bliss is to ignore negative habits and reward positive ones, the same approach animal trainers use to get killer whales to leap from their tanks and elephants to stand on their heads. So to teach her husband, Scott, to stop storming around the house when he couldn't find his keys, she practiced what trainers call Least Reinforcing Scenario, which means she ignored his outbursts, and didn't offer to help with the search. To prevent Scott from hovering over her while she tried to cook, she engineered "incompatible behaviors" by setting a bowl of chips and salsa at the other end of the room. Soon she had a key-finding, salsa-eating mate and, she says, a happier marriage.
Sutherland first wrote about her experiment in The New York Times in 2006, where it became the most e-mailed story of the year. This week her book, "What Shamu Taught Me About Life, Love and Marriage," comes out, and a movie is in development. Sutherland admits that her ideas are not groundbreaking: in the 1890s Ivan Pavlov experimented with dogs to study stimulus and response. In the 1930s, B. F. Skinner used rats and pigeons to develop his theory of "operant behaviors," the idea that behavior is affected by its consequences. That doesn't mean the strategy is not controversial: critics bristle at the idea that humans are as easily manipulated as dogs or marine mammals, and contend that books such as Sutherland's reinforce war-of-the-sexes stereotypes about women using their feminine wiles to manipulate simple-minded men.
The idea of women training simple men is a well-worn trope of pop culture. In the 1963 film "If a Man Answers," Sandra Dee's mother hands her a canine-training manual with the advice "If you want a perfect marriage, treat your husband like a dog." More recently, the BBC reality show "Bring Your Husband to Heel" featured a professional dog trainer teaching wives how to get their husbands to sit and stay.
While Sutherland claims that animal-training techniques work on both genders, in another new book, "Seducing the Boys Club," Nina DiSesa advocates a gender-specific approach to changing people's behavior. DiSesa, who was the first female chairman of the ad agency McCann Erickson, argues that women should use their femininity to manipulate the men they work with and advance their careers. Instead of criticizing an employee's ad proposal, she flatters him for his "brilliant" idea, then sweetly asks if he had any other inspirations. "Women use these tactics with men all the time," she says. "We're mothers, wives, girlfriends, sisters. We know how to handle men, we just don't do it at work."
While DiSesa's tactics may appall feminists, the appeal of Sutherland's approach is obvious: no tearful couples-therapy sessions, no tantrums about unmet expectations. But Sutherland says it's not a quick fix. In fact, she was the one who wound up being retrained, as she taught herself not to take her husband's actions personally, and not to react when he did things that annoyed her. DiSesa also says she retrained herself to stop criticizing and confronting the men she worked with, and instead use "S and M," seduction and manipulation, to get her way.
And, she says, we shouldn't admit to our manipulations. "If people think I'm being conniving, I am," she says. "But if men see it coming, they'll duck." Sutherland's husband eventually caught on to her experiment (it didn't help that she wrote a book about the animal-trainer school), and even started using the techniques back on her. Now they use the word "shamu" as a verb, as in "Did you just shamu me?"
Shamuing might work to get your husband to stop leaving his socks on the bathroom floor, says psychotherapist Marlin Potash, author of "Hidden Agendas: What's Really Going On in Your Relationships." "In small doses, it's really a good idea," she says. But she's skeptical of the idea that the technique will work with real marital problems such as lack of communication or sexual incompatibility: "I don't really believe that changing these small behaviors is how one transforms a marriage." Sutherland makes no claims to be a relationship expert. And she's not opposed to therapy, although she says, judging from the enthusiastic response to her essay, "Psychologists might want to consider bringing more animals into the mix."
Sit, Beg, Roll Over, Stay
Animal trainers use lots of tricks to train their charges. Try the techniques below at home.
* Reward positive behavior: If your mate picks up just one dirty sock without being asked, give lots of praise. Or a tasty fish.
* Ignore negatives: Don ' t nag about the rest of the filthy laundry still piled on the floor. Trainers call this Least Reinforcing Scenario.
* Don ' t take it personally: Laundry is just laundry, not a symbol for how much your spouse loves you or values your marriage.
© 2008 Newsweek, Inc.
Lessons for People from Animals and Their Trainers
"What Shamu Taught Me About Life, Love, and Marriage: Lessons for People from Animals and Their Trainers"
by Amy Sutherland
Editorial Reviews
Book Description
While observing exotic animal trainers for her acclaimed book Kicked, Bitten, and Scratched, journalist Amy Sutherland had an epiphany: What if she used these training techniques with the human animals in her own life–namely her dear husband, Scott? In this lively and perceptive book, Sutherland tells how she took the trainers’ lessons home.
The next time her forgetful husband stomped through the house in search of his mislaid car keys, she asked herself, “What would a dolphin trainer do?” The answer was: nothing. Trainers reward the behavior they want and, just as important, ignore the behavior they don’t. Rather than appease her mate’s rising temper by joining in the search, or fuel his temper by nagging him to keep better track of his things in the first place, Sutherland kept her mouth shut and her eyes on the dishes she was washing. In short order, Scott found his keys and regained his cool. “I felt like I should throw him a mackerel,” she writes. In time, as she put more training principles into action, she noticed that she became more optimistic and less judgmental, and their twelve-year marriage was better than ever.
What started as a goofy experiment had such good results that Sutherland began using the training techniques with all the people in her life, including her mother, her friends, her students, even the clerk at the post office. In the end, the biggest lesson she learned is that the only animal you can truly change is yourself.
Full of fun facts, fascinating insights, hilarious anecdotes, and practical tips, What Shamu Taught Me About Life, Love, and Marriage describes Sutherland’s Alice-in-Wonderland experience of stumbling into a world where cheetahs walk nicely on leashes and elephants paint with watercolors, and of leaving a new, improved Homo sapiens.
About the Author
Amy Sutherland is the author of Kicked, Bitten, and Scratched and Cookoff. Her articles have appeared in The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and The Boston Globe. She has a master’s degree in journalism from Northwestern University. Her feature piece “What Shamu Taught Me About a Happy Marriage,” on which this book is based, was the most viewed and most e-mailed article of The New York Times online in 2006. Sutherland divides her time between Boston and Portland, Maine.
Product Details
* Hardcover: 192 pages
* Publisher: Random House (February 12, 2008)
* Language: English
* ISBN-10: 1400066581
* ISBN-13: 978-1400066582
* Product Dimensions: 8.5 x 5.8 x 0.8 inches
by Amy Sutherland
Editorial Reviews
Book Description
While observing exotic animal trainers for her acclaimed book Kicked, Bitten, and Scratched, journalist Amy Sutherland had an epiphany: What if she used these training techniques with the human animals in her own life–namely her dear husband, Scott? In this lively and perceptive book, Sutherland tells how she took the trainers’ lessons home.
The next time her forgetful husband stomped through the house in search of his mislaid car keys, she asked herself, “What would a dolphin trainer do?” The answer was: nothing. Trainers reward the behavior they want and, just as important, ignore the behavior they don’t. Rather than appease her mate’s rising temper by joining in the search, or fuel his temper by nagging him to keep better track of his things in the first place, Sutherland kept her mouth shut and her eyes on the dishes she was washing. In short order, Scott found his keys and regained his cool. “I felt like I should throw him a mackerel,” she writes. In time, as she put more training principles into action, she noticed that she became more optimistic and less judgmental, and their twelve-year marriage was better than ever.
What started as a goofy experiment had such good results that Sutherland began using the training techniques with all the people in her life, including her mother, her friends, her students, even the clerk at the post office. In the end, the biggest lesson she learned is that the only animal you can truly change is yourself.
Full of fun facts, fascinating insights, hilarious anecdotes, and practical tips, What Shamu Taught Me About Life, Love, and Marriage describes Sutherland’s Alice-in-Wonderland experience of stumbling into a world where cheetahs walk nicely on leashes and elephants paint with watercolors, and of leaving a new, improved Homo sapiens.
About the Author
Amy Sutherland is the author of Kicked, Bitten, and Scratched and Cookoff. Her articles have appeared in The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and The Boston Globe. She has a master’s degree in journalism from Northwestern University. Her feature piece “What Shamu Taught Me About a Happy Marriage,” on which this book is based, was the most viewed and most e-mailed article of The New York Times online in 2006. Sutherland divides her time between Boston and Portland, Maine.
Product Details
* Hardcover: 192 pages
* Publisher: Random House (February 12, 2008)
* Language: English
* ISBN-10: 1400066581
* ISBN-13: 978-1400066582
* Product Dimensions: 8.5 x 5.8 x 0.8 inches
amazon.com/What-Shamu-Taught-About-Marriage
Entrénalo como una ballena
Artículo original click aquí
¿Quieres el esposo perfecto? Es sencillo, solo entrénalo como una ballena.
Posted by Cecilia, February 18, 2008
Sí, has leído bien, para lograr un matrimonio maravilloso solo debes entrenar a tu marido como una ballena. Al menos esto es lo que sostiene Amy Sutherland autora del libro “Lo que Shamu me enseñó sobre la vida, el amor y el matrimonio”.
Amy Sutherland es una periodista que pasó un año en una escuela de entrenamiento de animales y decidió probar lo aprendido con los molestos hábitos de su marido. Según Sutherland el secreto de una buena convivencia está en ignorar los hábitos molestos y premiar los hábitos positivos. Esto es lo mismo que haces los entrenadores para lograr que las ballenas asesinas brinquen de sus estanques y los elefantes se paren sobre sus patas traseras.
¿Que hizo Amy entonces? Para enseñar a su marido, Scott, a no revolucionar el hogar con berrinches cada vez que no encontraba la llaves, decidió ignorarlo y no ayudarlo con la búsqueda. Para evitar que Scott estuviera merodeando mientras ella trataba de cocinar puso un plato con snacks al otro lado de la habitación, lo cual generaba “conductas incompatibles”, es decir Scott podía comer los snacks o merodear la cena, pero no ambas cosas. Así Amy logró que Scott comprará un buscador de llaves, comiera snacks en lugar de acechar la cena, y tuvieran ambos una convivencia más feliz.
La periodista admite que su idea no es ninguna novedad y que esta claramente influenciada por los experimentos de Pavlov y de Skinner sobre condicionamiento de conductas.
Si bien la temática del libro para muchos es divertida, algunos sectores la critican por considerar que fomenta el estereotipo machista de la mujer que manipula al hombre con sus encantos.
De todas formas Sutherland aclara que su método solo es útil para pequeños problemas de la convivencia, pero que no resuelve problemas mayores que tengan que ver con la falta de comunicación o de entendimiento mutuo.
Via| World of psychology
Want the perfect husband? You may have to train him like a…whale.
by Jennifer Bechdel
February 17, 2008
At least that’s what a new book implies. The book by Amy Sutherland, is titled “What Shamu Taught Me about Life, Love and Marriage”. A recent article on Newsweek.com had this to say about it;
Sutherland says she practiced the “Least Reinforcing Scenario” with her husband when he fell back into his everyday habit of stomping around when he couldn’t find his keys. Basically, the least reinforcing scenario employs planned ignoring, meaning in this case she didn’t offer her help to find the keys. She also admits to putting out snacks at the other end of the kitchen in order to keep her husband from “hovering” around while she is cooking, a technique she refers to as “incompatible behaviors”.
While Sutherland believes that the techniques can work for those little annoyances in a marriage, she also said that she’s doubtful these methods will work with serious marital problems such as “lack of communication or sexual incompatibility”.
I’m pretty sure most women have a good grasp of some of these techniques, we just don’t refer to them as animal training methods. However, if you want to brush-up, you can pick up a copy here. Just don’t let you man find it, lest the ‘fur may fly’.
¿Quieres el esposo perfecto? Es sencillo, solo entrénalo como una ballena.
Posted by Cecilia, February 18, 2008
Sí, has leído bien, para lograr un matrimonio maravilloso solo debes entrenar a tu marido como una ballena. Al menos esto es lo que sostiene Amy Sutherland autora del libro “Lo que Shamu me enseñó sobre la vida, el amor y el matrimonio”.
Amy Sutherland es una periodista que pasó un año en una escuela de entrenamiento de animales y decidió probar lo aprendido con los molestos hábitos de su marido. Según Sutherland el secreto de una buena convivencia está en ignorar los hábitos molestos y premiar los hábitos positivos. Esto es lo mismo que haces los entrenadores para lograr que las ballenas asesinas brinquen de sus estanques y los elefantes se paren sobre sus patas traseras.
¿Que hizo Amy entonces? Para enseñar a su marido, Scott, a no revolucionar el hogar con berrinches cada vez que no encontraba la llaves, decidió ignorarlo y no ayudarlo con la búsqueda. Para evitar que Scott estuviera merodeando mientras ella trataba de cocinar puso un plato con snacks al otro lado de la habitación, lo cual generaba “conductas incompatibles”, es decir Scott podía comer los snacks o merodear la cena, pero no ambas cosas. Así Amy logró que Scott comprará un buscador de llaves, comiera snacks en lugar de acechar la cena, y tuvieran ambos una convivencia más feliz.
La periodista admite que su idea no es ninguna novedad y que esta claramente influenciada por los experimentos de Pavlov y de Skinner sobre condicionamiento de conductas.
Si bien la temática del libro para muchos es divertida, algunos sectores la critican por considerar que fomenta el estereotipo machista de la mujer que manipula al hombre con sus encantos.
De todas formas Sutherland aclara que su método solo es útil para pequeños problemas de la convivencia, pero que no resuelve problemas mayores que tengan que ver con la falta de comunicación o de entendimiento mutuo.
Via| World of psychology
Want the perfect husband? You may have to train him like a…whale.
by Jennifer Bechdel
February 17, 2008
At least that’s what a new book implies. The book by Amy Sutherland, is titled “What Shamu Taught Me about Life, Love and Marriage”. A recent article on Newsweek.com had this to say about it;
Attention, frustrated wives: if you want your husband to start listening to you and stop leaving his socks on the floor, all you need is a little patience and a lot of mackerel. Such is the putative relationship advice of Amy Sutherland, a journalist who spent a year at an animal-trainer school and decided to apply the trainers’ techniques to her husband’s annoying habits. According to Sutherland, the key to marital bliss is to ignore negative habits and reward positive ones, the same approach animal trainers use to get killer whales to leap from their tanks and elephants to stand on their heads.
Sutherland says she practiced the “Least Reinforcing Scenario” with her husband when he fell back into his everyday habit of stomping around when he couldn’t find his keys. Basically, the least reinforcing scenario employs planned ignoring, meaning in this case she didn’t offer her help to find the keys. She also admits to putting out snacks at the other end of the kitchen in order to keep her husband from “hovering” around while she is cooking, a technique she refers to as “incompatible behaviors”.
While Sutherland believes that the techniques can work for those little annoyances in a marriage, she also said that she’s doubtful these methods will work with serious marital problems such as “lack of communication or sexual incompatibility”.
I’m pretty sure most women have a good grasp of some of these techniques, we just don’t refer to them as animal training methods. However, if you want to brush-up, you can pick up a copy here. Just don’t let you man find it, lest the ‘fur may fly’.
miércoles, 6 de febrero de 2008
Brindis
El Brindis es el momento de una celebración en el que los invitados levantan y entrechocan las copas para manifestar buenos deseos. Tras el acto, es costumbre beber el champán, cava, sidra o vino que contiene la copa. El término procede de la frase alemana ich bring dir's (yo te lo traigo), que solía pronunciarse al brindar.Se piensa que el acto de brindar se originó en el siglo IV adC, pero se realizaba por una razón bien distinta a la actual. En la antigua Roma para asesinar a alguien era usual que se envenenaran las copas, por lo que los anfitriones como símbolo de confianza chocaban fuertemente las copas con sus invitados, lo que producía que el líquido de una copa pasara a la otra. De este modo quedaba claro que no había habido ningún tipo de envenenamiento pues los dos que hacían el bridis bebían lo mismo.
Otra teoría afirma que en la antigua Roma se decía que del vino disfrutan todos los sentidos menos el oído. Con el chocar de las copas este sentido también participaba del gozo de la bebida.
Title: Hipp, hipp, hurra! Kunstnerfest på Skagen
Artist: Peder Severin Krøyer
Year: 1888
ver imagen en wikipedia
Etimología de la palabra brindis
Encuestas distorsivas
Ejemplo de Encuesta
Total Votos: 34150
Muy Malo 39.12%
Bueno 34.56%
Regular 13.96%
Malo 12.37%
Diferente se vería si tenemos una encuesta:
Bueno 34.56%
Malo 65.44%
Bueno: 34.56%
Regular: 13.96%
Malo: 51.48%
Luce muy diferente:
65.44% vs 34.56%
51.48% vs 34.56%
39.12% vs 34.56%
Hemos quitado discretamente de los votos negativos: 26.32%
y más discretamente aún: 12.36%
Total Votos: 34150
Muy Malo 39.12%
Bueno 34.56%
Regular 13.96%
Malo 12.37%
Aquí vemos en una primera impresión que los que piensan que es Bueno y los que piensan que es Muy Malo están casi parejos.
Pero luego vemos que de las 4 opciones una es positiva y 3 son negativas, con lo cual los votos positivos se concentran en una opción mientras que los negativos se dividen en 3 opciones por lo tanto se dispersa su efecto.
Pero luego vemos que de las 4 opciones una es positiva y 3 son negativas, con lo cual los votos positivos se concentran en una opción mientras que los negativos se dividen en 3 opciones por lo tanto se dispersa su efecto.
Diferente se vería si tenemos una encuesta:
Bueno 34.56%
Malo 65.44%
Usualmente "regular" tiene una connotación negativa, y continuaría la dispersión de los votos negativos en favor de la concentración de los positivos. Creamos una confusa opción intermedia (que no es tal, sino una moderación del voto negativo) y la distorsión es menor. Nótese que los votos negativos siguen teniendo la mayoría.
Bueno: 34.56%
Regular: 13.96%
Malo: 51.48%
Luce muy diferente:
65.44% vs 34.56%
51.48% vs 34.56%
39.12% vs 34.56%
Hemos quitado discretamente de los votos negativos: 26.32%
y más discretamente aún: 12.36%
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